Paper  tester



C. F. SAMMET PAPER TESTER Filed May 17, 1920 56 sa m mm (ha/:4 es P4114 Sui/met 149 1 30/ (1mm @WQAMHE Mar. 6, 1923.

To all whom it mag concern Patented Mar. 6, 1923.

"am stares ATENT err-ice.

CHARLES FRANK SAMMET, or Demon, arassacnnsnrrs, assrcrnon T BROCESS ENGINEER-S, mooeroaa rnn or NEW YoteK, N. Y., A CORPORATION OF NEW YORK.

A ncauoa filed May 17,

Be it known'that I, CHARLES FRANK Saar un'rya citizenof the United States, residing at Dalton, in the county '01- Berkshire and State of Massachusetts, have invented oer tain new and useful Improvements inPaper Testers, of which the following isa specification; I a "This invention relatesto measuring the tearing resistance of paper and-itsolo'jeot is to devise ama'chine which-is simple and in expensive and yet .one' whicl1 can be depended upon =t o give accurate determinations in grams, of the tea-ring resistance of any given piece of paper; I I

The invention consists otf two elements adapted to hold *the piece' oit paper to be 7 tcsted,.one of which'elements .moves as the paper is being torn, in relation to the other due to g avity, and the balance or component resulting from the pull'o f gravity and the :resistance'ef the paper indicates on: a scaleytheamount of resistance in grams.

" The invention is capable of a number of embodiments'but I have illustrated the most desirable forms in the accompanying draw lugs-in which: I Figure l'is a perspectiveviewof onetorm of myinvention,' I

1F igs. 2 and' l are 'tions, and 1 I Fig. 3 is an elevation oil'aa'clip used to hold the paperbeingtested i InYthe drawings the'nuineral represents a base provided with leveling screws 11, carrying a standard12, having its top portionl3preferably bent over to support an *axle 14; on whi'cli'l is 'pivotally mounted a swinging lever or pendulum l5 carryinga Weight'1G adjustably mounted thereon. The lower end of the lever 15 carries a pointer 'mechanismffi adapted to co actwith acurved scale '18 supp'ortedfrom the base 10. The standard l2'has'an. arm or bracket 19 "extendingxaat right angles therefrom which elevations of m odifica is adapted to car r v a'clipiorelainp 20tcomfp'ose d' oftwo" 1nembe1 's :21 and 22 pivoted together-M 23 andnormally held in gripping "po'sitioir'bys; means of a spring 24; and com- .plementary gripping surfaces 25 are pro 'viddonj'the' javvs'of' theclamp. A similar en or clamp is 'provided son the pendu W lum T15 so that the paper 27 to "be tested. is jg r ipped between 'the clamps 20 and -26 as shownin-Figf 1". 1

. similar to. that shown in'lligr. 1.

' rarne- 'rns'rne.

1920; Serial "No; 381,852.

moved, anappropriate distance toward A and then the paper held between thelelamping members 6 and? Upon releasing the pendulum it will move under the influence of gravity'toward the Bend of the scale until the resistance oliered ;by the tearing paperequals the pull of gravity. This .resistanoe prevents'the pendulunri rom swinglng its-.zfull distance and when :it finally comes to rest, the graduation can belread on the scale. I

- It will be noted that in all the modifications the two portions of the paper remain in the same plane during tearing, thus Zinsuring equal tension throughout the operation. 4 v

In Fig. '2 a base 80 .is ,provided having leveling means 31, a standard 32 a pivot '34 supported from the standard, a lever 35 pivoted thereon and provided with an ad- -justable weight 36 mounted upon an extension 33 of the lever. The lever 35 or, pointer -co-a'cts with a curved scale 3Ssuitably-supported from the base 30.- 39*indicates 1. an arm extending;v at right angles from the standard 32 whichis provided with a clip '20. The lever 35 extends' bevond the pivot point' and carries onthat extension 1a clip '26 which, with the clipn20, isadapted to: hold the paper 27 to betested therebetween.

The operation "of this "form of device is V .The point is raised to the A endot the scale. thepaper attached to theclips anrlthen the armlor.

i extending from; the standard 4201'] which'is pivoted a lever orpointerlahaving;a-weight -46 offset {from the uppeuend of thepointer. et? indicates an indicating point'oarriedby the lever co-acting withga SoaleeS'.

;-Secured totheweight e6- isa fiezizihlegaelcment 4:3 adaptedgtoqcarry a clip/26. 4t9-"indicates an extensionupon the standard 42 Withan elementc50 carrying: a clip and vetween the clips .20 and 26 I is =-carried-= the :paper I 27 to be torn:

Theoperation --ofthis .ZEOlIIl'l'llS identical with that shown. in "Fig. 2. 'l3 he-:;p:'o inter-v is --raised to the A :end et -the:scalepthepaper attached and the pointer or arm released. The pointer will travel over the scale until the tearing resistance equals the pull of gravity upon the pointer and the scale is then read.

The manner in which'this resistance may be calculated and the scale made to read directly in grams is shown below:

lvzweight of arm plus weight on it.

Rztearing resistance of paper.

X scale reading at end of swing.

lV fall of center of gravityzll length of tear. (Work done by machine.)

The fall of center of gravity of W is proportional to X.

The length of tear is proportional to scale subdivisions minus X.

Therefore 7" X constant:R scale subdivisions minus X constant from which R can be found and the scale graduated to show R directly in grams.

A method of carrying out this theory was as follows:

Definite weights were fastened to the short end of the lever arm representing various Rs,'the pointer raised to the A end of the scale, then released, and the position on the scale noted at which the pointer came to rest. This was repeated with variousweights on a scale having 30 divisions, each division being subdivided into tenparts. The results were:

Grams 25 50 100 125 1 Reading ..4.15 8.15 12.40 16.80

Each of the above readings was the average of five trials. From these results it was calculated that scale readings could be made equivalent to grams by multiplying by the factor 5.98." A scale was then made having divisions 5.98 times as large and the resistance read directly in grams from the scale.

Itwill thus be seen that I have devised. a machine which will indicate the exact tearing resistance of a given piece of paper directly in grams. By the use of this device either the resistance of the fibrous tear lengthwise of the grain may be determined or by adjusting the weight to give greater tension, the resistance across the web may be indicated." A. simple and inexpensive machine of this type is of great utility in the art especially when it can be depended upon for accurate determinations.

Obviously, various modifications other thanthose shown and described may be utilized to great advantage and on material other than paper without departing from the spirit of my invention.

What I claim is:

1. The method of testing the resistance to tearing of paper or the like, the steps of tearing a strip of paper by a pendulum-like mass falling from a predetermined height, diminishing the effect of the force acting on'the mass through the angle'of fall the'reof'by the resistance to the mass offered by the paper.

2. The method of testing the resistance to tearing of paper or the like, which consists of tearing the paper by applying a tearing force at right angles to the paper, utilizing the paper resistance to retard and stop the effect of the force, and indicating the amount of resistance needed to stop the force.

3. The method of testing the resistance to tearing of paper orthe like which consists in utilizing a pendulum-like mass of predetermined amount acting through an angle of fall by gravity, gradually diminishing the effect of the aid force acting on the mass by the resistance offered by the tearing paper until the mass is brought to rest, thisbalanced condition being a measure of the tearing resistance of the paper.

4. The method of testing the resistance to tearing paper or the like, which consists in subjecting the paper to a variable and diminishing force, creating a complete balance between theresistance of the tearing of paper and the tendency of a gravity-operated instrument to tear the paper further.

5. The method of testing the resistance of tearing of paper or the like, which consists in beginning to tear the paper with a pendulum-like mass acting through gravity through an angle from an unbalanced condition, diminishing the effect of the said force on the mass gradually during its fall by the resistance offered by the tearing of paper, bringing said mass to rest when the tearing resistance of the paper balances the effect of the force on the mass, and indicating said balanced condition in grams of paper resistance.

6. A device for determining the tearing resistance of paper or the like. comprising a stand. a pendulum mounted thereon releasable from a predetermined height and acting through an angle of fall by the pull of gravity, means whereby the paper to be tested is held in operative position between said stand and said pendulum, said means resisting said pendulum through its angle of fall by the resistance ofi'ered by the tearing of paper, whereby the pendulum is brought to a state of rest and a balanced condition results between the paper resistance and gravity op erating on. the pendulum.

7. The apparatus of claim .6 with the addition of means for indicating said balanced fall of the mass by resistance ofl 'ered by the tearing of the paper.

9. A method of testing the resistance of tearing of paper or the like which consists in having an unbalanced pendulum-like mass acting through an angle by gravity and being broughtto a state of equilibrium by the resistance offered in the tearing of the paper.

10. The method of claim 9 with the additional step of measuring the work done by 10 the force on the paper as designated on a scale by-the difference between the angle of said swing and the full swing of said force were there no resistance thereto.

In testimony whereof I afiix my signature. 15

' CHARLES FRANK SAMMET. 

